The Romans adopted the grammatical system of the Greeks and applied it to Latin.
Dionysus Thrax of Alexandria later wrote an influential treatise called The Art of Grammar, in which he analyzed literary texts in terms of letters, syllables, and eight parts of speech.
The Alexandrians of the 1st century bc further developed Greek grammar in order to preserve the purity of the language. To them, grammar was a tool that could be used in the study of Greek literature hence their focus on the literary language.
In Europe the Greeks were the first to write grammars. The traditional focus of inquiry has been on morphology and syntax, and for some contemporary linguists (and many traditional grammarians) this is the only proper domain of the subject. Depending on the grammarian’s approach, a grammar can be prescriptive ( i.e., provide rules for correct usage), descriptive ( i.e., describe how a language is actually used), or generative ( i.e., provide instructions for the production of an infinite number of sentences in a language). These features are the phonology (sound), morphology (system of word formation), syntax (patterns of word arrangement), and semantics (meaning). The systematic description of the features of a language is also a grammar.
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